The Major Aims of the Public Health

Questions: Describe about the Major Aims of the Public Health? Answers: Introduction All the organized measures that are implemented in order to prevent disease and their spread and promoting health and prolonged life among the people as a whole, is referred to as Public Health. The major aims of the public health are to provide the population with the conditions that ensure health and focus on the entire populations and not just on those who suffer from any particular disease or the patients only. The three main functions of any public health are- assessment and complete monitoring of the populations and communities who are at a risk, formulation and implementation of the public policies that are designed to solve the local and the national issues (health problems) that have been identified and lastly to assure that all the populations, irrespective of their caste, age, gender, race, etc. will have access to appropriate and more importantly cost effective care, including the promotion of the health and the services related to the disease prevention. This paper aims at highlighting the basic and essential features of the local and governmental agencies that aim in promoting public health and work in this direction. The readers are expected to dwell into the details provided in this paper and gain knowledge about the working and functioning of the some common and most powerful health agencies like WHO (World health Organization), Department of Health and the other Local Authorities (WHO a 2014). The main responsibility of these agencies is to identify the needs of the people/ population and maintain the PH and identify the health and needs of the community members. The agencies aim to develop a comprehensive policy that should target the needs of the people and then assure the public provision of efficient services (Seltzer 2010). WHO, World Health Organization, is a coordinating and directing authority that prevails in the United Nations system. WHO is based in Geneva, Switzerland, with 150 offices spread across various countries. The main responsibility of this organization is to shape the health research agenda, provide leadership on the matters that are related to health and are global in nature, establishing the standards and norms, evaluating the evidence based policy options and assessing the trends in the health. The constitution of WHO came into force on 7th April, 1948 and this day is, ever since, celebrated as World Health Day. WHO has six major core functions like the provision of leadership in the critical health related matters and therefore, engaging the partnerships where joint action is required, shaping of the research based agenda and therefore ensuring generation, translation and simultaneous dissemination of all the important knowledge, setting the standards and the norms and assessing and evaluating their implementation, providing for ethical-evidence based options for policies, provision of technical support along with building of sustainable institutional capacity and lastly continuous monitoring of the health conditions and the varying trends in the health (WHO b 2014). Another agency for public health promotion is the Department of Health, which is a ministerial department that is supported by around 23 agencies and public bodies. The total number of staff members that the agency employs from all over the world is approximately 2160. DH is responsible for providing better life to the people and caring. Helping and supporting people. Their main responsibilities include- creation of national policies and the legislations that help in providing long term visions and ambition to meet the challenges, support of the integrity of the system by assuring the continued services and proper delivery of services, supporting the innovation and research based activites by encouraging honesty, transparency and openness and lastly encouragement of the staff in every care and health organization. The priorities of DH are to introduce reforms in the social care, integrate heath and care services, improving the care services for the senior citizens, those aged above 7 5 years of age, incorporating and encouraging the use of technology in improvising the health care system and establishing a parity of esteem between physical and mental health (Department of Health 2014). When the health and care issues are to be dealt with on a local scale, the role of local authorities becomes essential. The local leadership for the health of public is the new heart of the public health system. The upper tier and the unitary authorities have taken up their new responsibilited to improve the health of their populations. The head of the local authorites is the director of the public health and he is also the statutory chief officer. The role of local authorities is to champion health across the whole of the authority business by encouraging promotion of healthy lifestyles. The local authorities can also challenge the NHS after proper scrutinization and take actions for better health reforms and address the threats to health care practices. The key roles of local authorites are to lead the joint strategic needs assessment (JSNA) in order to ensure the coherent and coordinated commissioning strategies, supporting the local voice and allowing the patients to exercise the ir choice, promoting joint commissioning of NHS services, heath care and social care and lastly, leading on local health improvement and prevention activities. Apart from the public health functions, as mentioned under the Public health (Control of diseases) Act 1984, the local authorities are also entitled to carry out other functions that fall into the domain of health care, health improvement and health protection. The local authorities like the local counsils and the health care organization play a very important role in identifying the levels of disease and health in the communities. Their responsibility is to assess anyone who appears to require the community care services. All the local authorites work in organization and cooperation with nearby groups to apply wellbeing advancement and ailment counteractive action procedures suitably. GP centers instruct and help SUs to comprehend work-life equalization, depict the negative impacts of smoking, liquor, poor eating methodology so they are engaged to take care they could call their own wellbeing. Drug stores give safe sex and travel advices; jungle fever prophylaxis and travel inoculation; flu and pneumococcal immunization for high hazard bunch; and so on. The epidemiology of any disease is the study about its distribution and the other determinants of the disease and the health, the disabilities, etc of the population. Epidemiology plays an important role in providing a clue to the changes. If we consider the case of Tuberculosis, which is an infectious disease that results due to viral, fungal, bacterial infection, change in lifestyle, etc, its epidemiology study is very important to identify its course of progression (Schaaf et al. 2009). For proper monitoring and identification of TB cases, it is important to educate the people about the most prominent symptoms and conduct blood tests, skin tests and also give vaccinations known as the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. According to the data provided by NHS, around 10% of the people who get infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are prone to develop active TB (NHS 2014). Another study has shown the the likelihood of dying from TB increases if the patient is suffering from HIV or if the pat ient belongs to a very young age group. In UK the spread of infectious disease like TB is huge. Around 8751 cases have been reported in London (fig 1) and this number is followed by West Midlands (fig 2). As far as the epidemiology of a non infectious disease is considered, coronary heart disease or CHD is the most common cause of death in UK (ABPI 2013). According to the stats provided by BHF (2013) around 74k people die every year from this disease and 200 people each day at an average. 2.5 million people are living with this disease and research has shown increase in this disease with age. Fig 3 shows the incidence of CHD among men and women and the death caused, based on the age and sex. The strategies like screening, surveillance, education, social welfare, immunization, etc can be used to control the incidence of disease related cases. There are three basic level of prevention: primary, secondary and tertiary prevention (Lundy and James 2009). Immunization comes under the primary method of prevention. In order to ensure defence at the primary level itself the NHS should ensure that the professionals who come in contact with the TB patients are already immunized with TB vaccine (NICE 2014). UV rays and ventilation can be used to preven occurrence of TB as well. At the secondary level, it is important for the NHS professionals to identify the target population who have been infected by M. tuberculosis and are suffering from latent TB. The final and the last tertiary prevention aims towards treatment of TB after the diagnosis of TB and helps in reducing the pain and symptoms. Research has shown that there are no proper measures to improve the treatment, prevention and control of TB in UK and therefore the NHS professionals have to work in coordination in order to raise awareness about the causes, the symptoms and the distribution and spread of TB. To decrease the commonness of coronary danger figures and diminish imbalances, NHS tries to ceaselessly create, actualize and screen arrangements to enhance way of life. Change4Life is a social showcasing crusade dispatched in 2009 planning to lessen weight, elevating physical exercises and to decrease heart ailments. Change 4Life game club teaches youngsters how to be all the more physically dynamic. According to the Youth sport Trust (2014) the number of children who feel active and are positive about it is more than 105k (Youth Sports club 2014). However, some research based studies have also shown that the effect of Change 4Life is negligible on the vulnerable groups of people. The current scenario of the agenda of the health care agencies is to perform analysis of the diseases and therefore extract information regarding the mortality rate and the loss of health in case of injuries in any form, serious and complicated diseases and other dominating risk factors. All these factors are essential to be evaluated in order to determine the exact requirement of priorities of the health care agencies so that they are able to provide better and efficient services. WHO ensures that all the people have equal and continued access to the health and social care services (HSC services). This includes proper distribution and access to drugs and vaccines, proper care and treatment for the pregnant women, disabled people and chronically ill patients. In order to determine the provisions for HSC the government of UK has initiated DALY program. DALY or Disability-adjusted life year is a program that measures the gap between the current status of health and the ideal status of health which ensures that the populative lives longer, disability free and free from any illness (WHO c 2014). The major risk factors that contribute to ill health are consumption of tobacco, high blood pressure, poor diet, mental disability, alcohol abuse and physical inactivity. This call for the topmost priority to be prevention of diseases. Research evidence shows that this was the main priority for the year 2013-14 (PHE 2013). The focus of attention of these agencies is the number of diseases that can be prevented by taking some useful precautions and maintaining good health. These diseases include cardiovascular disorders, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders, mental health, backache and cancers. Being the leading causes of death in UK, they are most vulnerable to be attacked by the agencies. The approaches used by the government to prevent thses diseases are spreading awareness and educating the people about the prevalence of diseases (DH 2014). Some of the diseases require incorporation of lifestyle changes on order to prevent their occurrence and prevalence. The diseases that fall under this category are CHD, respiratory disorders, cardiovascular diseases and cancers. UK experiences high requirement of education of importance of maintaining a healthy diet and also implementing a healthy and active lifestyle. The government should encourage the use of bicycle or force the people to walk to their destinations instead of taking public or private nmode of transport. They should also make gyms available to all classes of people and the cost of the gym should vary according to the income of the population. Simultaneous actions are necessary to implement early interventions that prevent the conditions before they take a chronic For an instance, it is important to carry out regular screening and check up routines to identify cancer in an early stage. Interventions of use of technology and other measures for rapid diagnosis and treatment of heart related diseases, prevention of blockage of coronary arteries, etc is equally important. By following all these measure th e government is able to keep a track of mortality rate and count the number of death that have been affected by the measures that have been followed (Cohen, Hasselbring 2007). There exists a solid connection between understanding the disease that grips a person and the kind of health and social care that is being provided to him/her. Two major components of any research based health care are resource allocation and greed priorities. If these two components are assessed properly the PH and services being provided, improve significantly. If the statistics provided by the Cancer Research UK (2014) are taken into account it can be seen that the incidence of breast cancer in UK increased by 7% and this rate is increasing exponentially. This survey has put pressure on the quality and type of HSC services that are being provided and demands more efficient and regular services to the people. Simultaneously the requirement of radiologists, pathologists, breast cancer surgeons, radiation and medical therapists is increasing as the majority of cases result from the breast cancer. Research has shown effective use of evidence based practices for carrying out breast can cer treatment and diagnosis. This calls for proper communication among all the professionals and efficient collection of the previous data related to breast cancer surgeries and treatment methodologies including the dosage and type of drugs that were used. A cumulative evaluation of all the data can help the professionals in establishing a standard which can be used as a base to proceed with a particular treatment plan. Another point of concern is the prevalence of mental health problems which are a result of por lifestyle adaptation. Yet again the research evidence has shown an increase of 68% in the admission of young people into the hospitals. The reason behind their admission has mostly been self harm or mental disability (Youngminds 2011). Lifestyle choices play a major role in determining the course of ones health and longetivity. Indulging in poor dietary habits, smoking, substance or alcohol abuse, lack of physical activity, improper sleeping habits and lack of relief from stressful schedules, can all contribute in the initiation and progression of preventable diseases like CHD, respiratory syndromes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, etc. Research evidence has shown increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in people who have poor diet. Even they suffer from obesity and type 2 diabetes (HSCIC 2014). Lack of physical activity also causes obesity and diabetes, even arthritis. The chances of stroke, among the people who are physically active, are reduced by 25-30%. The chances of colon cancer and CHD are also reduced (C3 Collaborating for Health 2011). The greater parts of preventable malady kept on climbing, demonstrating that the UK populace is settling on terrible way of life decisions and this brings a negative effect on future HSC administrations. The general practices (GP), NHS, private, nursing, psychological wellness administration, recovery focuses will need to be prepared to face and react to future increment in wellbeing and social needs. The health and well being of a person have been defined differently by everyone. WHO has a different definition while other researches have a different version for it. Diener et al. (2009) has defined health as the overall evaluation of one;s ability when considering the physical, mental, intellectual and social aspect. The Joint Strategic Needs Assessment (JSNA) is one such program or initiative that caters to the needs and the well being of the local authorities as well as the local populations. It collaborates with the clinical commissioning groups (CCGs). They are involved in the identification of the topmost priorities of the communities and some of the issues that require immediate attention are safety and security, intellectual, emotional and social needs, diet, mobility and hygiene. UK has been reported with most number of teenage pregnancy cases and therefore it has become vital for the health care service providers to ensure that such teens are mentally healthy. For this th ey provide intensive social and emotional support and also encourage the parents to do the same. Support in terms of financing, counseling, housing and caring for the baby are also provided. This helps the patients to cope with the overall stress and anxiety. It is also important start a programme like the healthy Schools programme which aids in sex promotion education in schools and thereby educates the young mind about the precautions and other important things. More youthful youngster folks tend not to request help when they confront challenges with kid minding, in light of the fact that they would prefer not to be judged as unequipped for dealing with their infants. Some adolescent folks did not have any chances to meet with other young folks and have lost contact with numerous companions and they get to be socially separated (Community Links 2011). For service provision to be effective, it is important as well as mandatory to evaluate each and every component of the health care facility being provided. Some of these components are the complaints policies, quality of provision, involvement and participation of friends and family members, working partnerships, etc. Local Authority Social Services and National Health Service Complaints (England) Regulations came into force in 2009. Since the health agencies that come under NHS are restricted beneath legislative rules and contractual and professional obligations, it can be assumed that the level of satisfaction of the patients is automatically high and the feedback and the collective information that is received for improvising the existing facilities and services is very useful (Medical protection Society 2009). The quality of the standards of HSC are governed by the Care Standards Act of 2000. The Act provides minimum standards for the national as well as private sector residenti al and nursing care homes, the personal domiciliary services, etc. The body responsible for carrying out inspection of the services being provided by CSA is CQC (). It is responsible for evaluating and assessing only the services being provided for a specific duration (CQC 2014). Change is the necessisity of time. A lot of changes can be made to improve the existing healtha and well being of the individuals. Some of the major changes should occur in the field of education, physical fitness, counseling or guidance, exercise regime and feedback from therapists and specialists. Education can help in disease prevention and early detection of symptoms by spreading awareness about the major diseases. WHO promotes education of all in all the regions of the world, irrespective of age, gender, caste, etc. The nurses those who are involved in the general practices can also help in making the public known to various preventive measures for the common diseases like breast cancer, cardiovascular diseases and many other. Their role is immense in making the women realize the importance of monitoring their bodies for any changes that need special and immediate attention and could be a trigger for breast cancer (Cancer research UK 2014). Apart from this, the sex education sho uld also be implemented in schools as the most number of illegal or unprotective sex cases arise among the young school going children. Simultaneously mothers should be made aware of the importance of breastfeeding and volunteers should be recruited from all domains of life to promote health education and establish a care setting. Lastly, the role of physical exercises should be stressed upon as it not only helps in maintaining physical health but also helps in promoting mental growth and development.The government of UK should collaborate with such organizations that allow sports facilities and leisure centres at reduced and economical prices. The UK government keeps on advancing and support good dieting and physical action, yet corpulence keeps on playing devastation the nation over, "fuelling" health awareness costs. This emerges criticalness of assessing the adequacy of the national arrangement crusades. One such activity is the Change 4 life programme. This initiative is aimed at helping the families and the adults who are somewhere in their middle ages, to incorporate important and vital changes in their diet, alcohol consumption and levels of activities. The impact of this program was so vast that 80% of the mothers decided to link their diets with exercise and reduction in consumption of alcohol. The budget of the program has been reduced by haves in the recent years (Bradley 2013). Conclusion It is essential for all the health care professionals and the experts to understand the importance of public health, its maintainance and service delivery. Public health not only means treatment of diseases or their diagnosis but it is combination of life improvement strategies, mitigation of premature death and reduction in the mortality rates. The statistical analysis of the dataset from the previous studies helps the researchers and the health experts to draw conclusions and identify the factors contributing in the ovrall increase in the death rate. Evaluation of the policies, strategies and the system helps in improving the service that is provided to the patients and increases their life expectancies significantly. References ABPI, 2013, Major diseases in the UK, viewed on 19th February 2014, https://www.abpi.org.uk/industry-info/knowledge-hub/medicines/Pages/major-diseases.aspx BHF, 2013, Cardiovascular disease statistics, viewed on 19th February 2014, https://www.bhf.org.uk/heart-health/heart-statistics.aspx Bradley, R., 2013, Change4Life begins 10.9m creative review, viewed on 18th February 2014, https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/news/1193973/ Cancer Research UK, 2014, Breast cancer mortality statistics. viewed on 18th February 2014 ,https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/types/breast/mortality/uk-breast-cancer-mortality-statistics/ Cancer research UK, 2014, Can cancer be prevented? viewed on 18th February 2014, https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/healthyliving/introducingcancerprevention/?gclid=CM299uTV0b8CFfOhtAodVxkA_A Cohen, B. and Hasselbring, B., 2007, Coronary Heart Disease: A Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment. 2nd ed. Onaha: Addicus Books Community Links, 2011, The teenage pregnancy journey. [pdf] Community Links. viewed on 18th February 2014, https://www.community-links.org/uploads/documents/TPJ_Report.pdf C3 Collaborating for Health, 2011, Non-communicable diseases in the UK. A briefing paper prepared for the UK Parliament (House of Lords), viewed on 18th February 2014, https://www.c3health.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/NCDs-briefing-paper-20111010.pdf CQC, 2013, Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust- inspection Report. viewed on 18th February 2014, https://www.cqc.org.uk/sites/default/files/media/reports/RD130_Royal_United_Hospital_Bath_NHS_Trust_INS1-704690602_Responsive_-_Follow_Up_11-10-2013.pdf Department of Health, 2014, About us, viewed on 17th February 2014, https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-of-health/about#who-we-are Diener, E., Lucas, R., Schimmack, U., Helliwell, J. 2009, Well-being for public policy. viewed on 18th February 2014, https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k3c9VDD6IPQCpg=PA9dq=well+being+definitionhl=ensa=Xei=nWLAU6_3IIjhPNzogJgHredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=well%20being%20definitionf=false DH, 2014, Corporate report: Department of Health corporate plan 2013 to 2014, viewed on 18th February 2014, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/department-of-health-corporate-plan-2013-14/department-of-health-2013-14-corporate-plan HSCIC, Health Social Care Information Ceantre. 2014, Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet: England 2014, viewed on 18th February 2014, https://www.hscic.gov.uk/catalogue/PUB13648/Obes-phys-acti-diet-eng-2014-rep.pdf PHE, 2013, Our priorities for 2013/14, viewed on 18th February 2014, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/192676/Our_priorities_final.pdf Schaaf, S. and Zumla, A. eds., 2009, Tuberculosis: Comprehensive Clinical Reference, USA: Saunders Elsevier Seltzers, B.2010, Careers in Public Health. 1st ed. New York: Springer Publishing Company. YoungMinds. 2011, 100,000 children and young people could be hospitalised due to self-harm by 2020 warns YoungMinds, London: YoungMinds. viewed on 18th February 2014, https://news.cision.com/youngminds/r/100-000-children-and-young-people-could-be-hospitalised-due-to-self-harm-by-2020-warns-youngminds,c9194954 Youth Sport Trust, 2014, New evaluation shows success of Change4Life Clubs, viewed on 19th February 2014, https://www.youthsporttrust.org/news-media/news/2013/november/new-evaluation-shows-success-of-change4life-clubs.aspx WHO (World Health Organization) a, 2014, Public health, viewed on 17th February 2015, https://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story076/en/. WHO (World Health Organization) b, 2014, WHO-its people and offices, viewed on 17th February 2015, https://www.who.int/about/structure/en/ WHO c, 2014, Metrics: Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY). viewed on 18th February 2014, https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/metrics_daly/en/

Writing Act Essay Prompts

Writing Act Essay PromptsAct sample essays can be used to teach students how to create an act. Students often cannot find samples of effective essays on their own and will need help in writing an effective essay. Here are a few tips for creating an effective act.An act usually tells a story or relates a lesson. The important thing to remember is that the act always comes after the rest of the story. For example, if you are talking about a salesman who offers your child a bargain but later claims he cannot sell her a car, the act will begin with a statement like, 'John and Mary Smith, turned down the business.' The act then continues with the story of how they found the business and how they sold the car.Although it may sound simple, it's important to remember that this acts should be a description of what happened rather than a description of why it happened. If you write about why John and Mary Smith decided to sell their car, you won't use this act as part of the story. Instead, yo u would use the description of what happened.Using acting, you can add several plot twists to an act. For example, in a monologue, one character will say something like, 'He was so interested in your little cousin when he came in to check out her new dress.' The act will continue with the child being interviewed by a reporter. As the child and the reporter speak, you will have added a few twists and surprises to the story.Each act will include some sentences. In each sentence, you should explain who the person is, what the action is, why it is occurring, and the result of the action. This will give students an idea of what the act is about.You should review the act at least once a week so that students learn the sequence of events. For example, the salesman might be mentioned in the first act. When they remember the act, they should connect the actions to the place and people that are mentioned in the first act.Your students should keep in mind that each act should be unique. Each a ct should tell a story and act to explain why it happened. Remember that students will not be able to complete all the steps in an act without the help of an act sample essay prompts.

Educational Psychology Questions And Answers Essays -

Educational Psychology: Questions And Answers After reading an article on Jerry Garcia of the Grateful Dead in a ?Rolling Stone? magazine, these are two examples of questions that I would ask my students on a test (in a multiple-choice format.) These questions are also representative of two different levels of Bloom's taxonomy. 1) As a member of the Grateful Dead, what was Jerry Garcia's only radio, billboard hit single? a) Throwing Stones b) Touch of Grey c) Built to Last d) Franklin's Tower Correct answer: b. Touch of Grey. 2) In chronological order, identify which answer represents the progression of keyboard players (pianists) that Jerry Garcia played with in the Grateful Dead? a) Brent Midland, Pigpen, Vince Wellnick, Keith Godchaux b) Pigpen, Keith Godchaux, Brent Midland, Vince Wellnick c) Keith Godchaux, Brent Midland, Vince Wellnick, Pigpen e) Vince Wellnick, Pigpen, Keith Godchaux, Brent Midland Correct answer: b I feel that these are good examples of multiple-choice questions because they do not include in the answer section choices such as, ?none of the above,? or ?all of the above.? It helps to omit choices like these because these answers do not contribute in measuring students' mastery of the subject or in teaching unlearned material. These questions both have discriminatory power, allowing me to see who has mastered the material and who hasn't. The distracters that I selected for these questions are the key ingredients that help me see who has mastered the subject. The distracters are not obvious wrong answers, they are choices that make the students think, which ultimately raises the cognitive level of the test beyond that of just memorization and recall. I believe that my questions are clear and easily understood. They should not make the student unnecessarily use energy in figuring out exactly what the question is asking. Also in an attempt to make the question as clear as possible I avoided the use of jargon and other complicated terms. I only used words that would be common to their vocabulary. I also avoided using negative test words such as, ?not? and ?never.? By doing this I made my questions easier to understand. I also tried not to make the right answer too obvious in comparison to my distracters. The last thing that I did to make these questions better was to avoid redundancy by writing and re-writing the questions. Essay questions are very advantageous because unlike multiple-choice questions they can measure what the students know and have mastered. They allow for students to express, in writing, what they do know about the material for which they are being held accountable. The second advantage of the essay test is that they allow students to explain why the material is important to them (this is internalization of information.) Essay questions promote higher levels of thinking and they also allow the students to tap into their creative energies. Essay questions do have their disadvantages like teacher grading bias issues. It is much harder to grade a free-flow of thought, expressed on paper then it is to grade a scantron test. The essay questions have to be thought out so your students don't go astray from what is really being asked. In the 90's over seventy percent of tests were in multiple-choice format. The multiple-choice format allows the teacher to cover large amounts of information with less guesswork then that of true/false or fill-in-the-blank testing formats. Multiple-choice questions are a good way to measure a students degree of judgement, while true/false reduce answers to right/wrong decisions. Multiple-choice questions bring out distinctions between what is good, what is best and what is erroneous. Another major advantage in using multiple-choice questions is their ability to discriminate. Multiple choice questions give you the ability to tell you which students have mastered the material and which have not. This ability is also known as discriminatory power. Some teachers prefer multiple-choice tests because they think that the objective quality in the test removes the potential for grading bias. Some teachers will also favor multiple-choice tests because they think that students will be less likely to contest their grade. One more obvious but note-worthy advantage to multiple-choice testing is that they are very easily and quickly graded. Educational psychologists argue that one of the major limitations of multiple-choice testing is that they test students on

Slavery As Portrayed In The Novel To Kill A Mocking Bird

Slavery As Portrayed In The Novel To Kill A Mocking Bird Introduction The novel is based on a true story and explains the events that took place in the writer’s hometown in the late 1930s. It is a classic book that captivates the reader with the unique flow of the story bringing out the author’s emotions. The book became an instant hit due to its perfect combination of humor and remorse in the narration. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Slavery As Portrayed In The Novel ‘To Kill A Mocking Bird’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The narrator of the story is a young girl named Scout Finch who lives with her father Atticus Finch in Maycomb, Alabama. He is a lawyer by profession. She has only one brother called Jem. Throughout the story, Scout portrays her father as a hero and a role model in maintaining integrity in the legal profession (Johnson 6). Slavery As A Theme The book brings out certain themes such as roles of gender, education, racism, cour age and destruction. The primary theme in the book is the issue of black slavery and the attempt to abolish it. Slavery is more depicted through racial prejudice. The main characters in the novel are said to live in the southern side of the United States of America (Roden 45). The South Americans practiced racism as opposed to the inhabitants in the north. The southern territory supported the use of slaves to provide free labor in their large cotton plantations as opposed to the northern state who had declared the practice illegal. However, the southerners were faced with a dilemma of maintaining their Christian morals on one hand and retaining the slaves on the other (Tolstoy 43). The ‘negroes’, as they were referred by the Southerners were important during this period of Great Depression. So as to balance their Christianity beliefs and their material needs, they declared the Negroes as being in-humans who were inferior to the society. This justified their role as sl aves and the reason why they could not be treated equally according to Christianity (McCarty 23). Inferiority Of Slaves As Depicted In The Novel The author introduces a character Tom Robinson who represents the slaves in the South (Lee and Bloom 12). Tom is accused of rape and Atticus acts as his lawyer. Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He worked as a slave in Mr. Link Deas’s farm. He had been accused of raping a white lady, Mayella in the pretense of helping her. Racial discrimination was evident during the cross examination when Tom told the court that he felt pity for the white lady who seemed lonely. The statement is said to shock the audience as it was not usual for a black Negro to feel any remorse towards a white person. The narrator is able to bring out the hardships the slaves go through during the trial of Tom (Bloom 63). They are depicted as liar s and criminals with no chance of being justifiably heard. Atticus defends Tom with all his might by reminding the jury that there was no difference between the black and white men in court of law and that they should be fair in their verdict. Tom is however found guilty despite his strong defense. Atticus does not display any shock at the out come and he states that he expected the jury not to rule in favor of Tom as he was a black Negro. Tom is finally shot dead by prison guards in his attempt to escape from prison. Plot Analysis Introduction of Tom by the author is a plot device to represent the plight of the slaves in the state. Tom is black and in a crippled state. He has been convicted before for engaging himself in a fight and being unable to pay up a fine. This is an indication that the slaves were poor. He had severely injured his arm in the farm while working on the cotton gin machine. It should be noted that this machine was used primarily by slaves in cotton fields. To m’s character depicts the hardships that the slaves underwent. The injured arm plays an important to role to act as an emblem to portray negligence over the slaves by the whites. The decision by the jury despite the strong defense is also an indication that the slaves had no chance against the whites. Lastly, Tom’s death portrays the manner in which the slaves were killed for no apparent reason. This is due to the fact that they were not considered humans at all by the whites. However, the author brings out another side of the black people as opposed to the whites. They are generous and do not seem to discriminate. One incidence is the fact that Tom befriends the lonely white woman and even offers to help her on several occasions. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Slavery As Portrayed In The Novel ‘To Kill A Mocking Bird’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The other incidence is the fact tha t the black people in the court room stand up to pave way for Atticus as a sign of respect for his effort to set Tom free. The whites on the other hand seem to hold a grudge towards Atticus for representing a black man in court and trying to uphold justice in the court. Conclusion The author brings out slavery in a brilliant manner though her excellent narration style. She tells the story as an innocent child observer in an adult based situation hence embedding the scene in the reader’s mind. Not only does the author portrays her father as a hero but also her hatred towards the practice of slavery. Her only wish is for justice to be served equally to both the blacks and the whites. Bloom, Harold. Harper Lee’s To Kill a mockingbird. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2007. Print. Johnson, Claudia. Understanding To Kill a mockingbird: a student casebook to issues, sources, and historic documents. United States: The Greenwood Press, 1994. Print. Lee, Harper and Bloom, Harold . To Kill a Mockingbird. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2010. Print. McCarty, Lisa. To kill a Mockingbird. USA: Saddleback Educational Publishing, 2006. Print. Roden, Donald. Harper Lee’s To Kill a mockingbird. London: Barnes Nobles, 1997. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Tolstoy, Leo. The Slavery of Our Times. London: Barnes Nobles, 2004. Print.

What are three rewards and three challenges that you will face as a Essay

What are three rewards and three challenges that you will face as a teacher - Essay Example So the very privilege of getting the opportunity to shape and direct the young minds as a teacher is a great reward in itself (Kauchak &Eggen, 2010). Besides, it is a discernable, yet, never accepted fact that teaching is not regarded by the contemporary society as a real and challenging profession (Kauchak & Eggen, 2010). Very few people harbor the ambition and desire to choose teaching as a profession. So, as a teacher I will find it really tempting to present myself as a competitive and ambitious role model dedicated to serving the society, in the field of education. As a teacher I intend to be really proactive in my approach and choices. I not only aim to do the best where I am placed, but also aspire to advance in the ranks by the dint of my sincerity and dedication, intending to ascend the professional platform where I have the power to make the real changes required in the contemporary education system. I am also aware of the challenges that I will have to face as a teacher. One immediate challenge will be the academic norms set by the No Kid Left behind Act. In my opinion the kind of standardization and homogenization that this Act has ushered in the education system has pragmatically done very little to improve it (Cochran-Smith, 2005, p. 99). I also hold that a teacher tends to be the part of a team involving other stakeholders like parents and the society (Kauchak & Eggen, 2010). Considering my intolerance for the lack of parental involvement, I think this issue will be the other big challenge that I will have to deal with as a teacher. As I have already said that teaching is about team work, hence a single teacher cannot bring about the desired changes in a systematic and timely manner, unless one’s zeal and enthusiasm is to some extent shared by one’s seniors, colleagues and the entire system in general (Moore, 2004, p. 133) . So one more challenge for me will b e to bring in a leadership that intends to restore passion

Infromation System Development Blog Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Infromation System Development Blog - Essay Example The main purpose of system development is to develop an information system that should be able to meet business and personal needs of the users. Model-driven analysis can really benefit the development of information systems by providing a proper set of guidelines regarding system development to the developers. The main benefits of developing information systems include proper management of business related information, documentation of the collected information, and assisting managers in the processing of information. A model-driven technique helps developers draw such models, which can be used for various purposes, such as, to gather business related information, to prioritize requirements, and to review recommendations to develop an efficient information system. System developers use model-driven technique to develop such systems, which can be used for collecting business related data and for processing, analyzing, and disseminating collected data to the concerned departments in the form of information. Therefore, we can say that model-driven analysis plays a considerable role in developing efficient information systems. In this method, developers use documentations of problems, reports, files, and case studies for collecting information. Sampling of existing documentation and databases is a good way to gain understanding of the whole system. In this fact-finding method, developers try to understand the system by either participating personally in different activities or watching other people perform those activities. Observation allows developers check validity of the facts and obtain relevant data. In this method of fact-finding, internet, reference books, and previous researches on the same system are used to gather information. These sources make developers know how other people have been successful in developing somewhat similar systems in the

Host Community Attitudes And Perceptions About Tourism

Host Community Attitudes And Perceptions About Tourism This study aims at identifying the relationships between residents socio- cultural, economic and environmental aspect and their attitudes towards tourism by focusing on a small community where tourism is in the development stage. By conducting this research, the author hopes to come across the residents attitudes and capture their current perceptions about tourism development in their area. Moreover, this research is being done because most authors agree that initial community attitudes toward tourism are critical to community involvement in the industry (Murphy 1981), the formation of destination image (Echtner Ritchie 1991). Attitudes are defined as a state of mind of the individual toward a value (Allport 1966, p. 24) and as an enduring predisposition towards a particular aspect of ones environment (McDougall Munro 1987, p. 87). Attitude of host community to tourism based development can improve if there is a boost in the tangible and indescribable settlements the host community can receive by being in based development (Choi Sirakaya, 2006). As Attitudes are based under this understanding, this is why some researchers came to a conclusion that residents attitudes toward tourism are not simply the reflections of residents perceptions of tourism impacts, but the results of interaction between residents perceptions and the factors affecting their attitudes (Lankford et al.1994). Some preceding researchs have proved that some most important impacts of tourism are identified along with its variables, however the theory is underdeveloped: Currently there is limited understanding of why residents respond to the impacts of tourism as they do, and under what conditions residents react to those impacts (Ap 1992, p. 666). Husband (1989) also addressed this issue by saying There is, so far, no theoretical justification of why some people are, or are not, favorably disposed to tourism (p. 239). Various issues can persuade perceptions of the host community about positive outcomes of tourism development. Support will depend on the degree of benefits perceived. The participation of community will be discussed later on in the literature review. The acceptance of local values can also be an important factor that leads to the achievement of a tourism based development (Alexander, 2000). However over a certain period of time many findings detected that host community perceptions in the direction from tourism may have more positive attitudes. People who depend on tourism industry or having a better economic benefit may possibly have a higher degree of positivity than other inhabitants who do not benefit from a tourism development ( lankford and howard, 1994; Jurowski, Uysal, and willimas, 1997; Sirakaya , Teye and Sonmez,2002 ). Lindberg and Johnson (1997) mentioned that people having higher economic impacts from tourism may have more positive attitudes. However Travis (1984) has stated that its not only an economic characteristics such as the opportunity for jobs creation or capital generation that needs to be considered by the host community. The socio-cultural and environmental aspects are also very important. For Choi and Sirakaya (2005), the most community should also have a better environment in term of infrastructures and improved amenities such as leisure and recreational activities. They describe tourism as consisting of various supports and any development in the tourism field should ensure the protection of the culture of host community, alongside the protection of the environment. In order to clarify the relationship between the impacts of tourism and residents attitudes toward tourism, several models have been developed. One of the most influential models is Doxeys Irridex model (1975) which suggests that residents attitudes toward tourism may pass through a series of stages from euphoria, through apathy and irritation. to antagonism, as perceived costs exceed the expected benefits. This model is supported by Long et al.s (1990) research results, which indicate residents attitudes, are initially favorable but become negative after reaching a threshold. To have a better comprehension about the relationship between the impacts of tourism and residents attitudes toward tourism, several models have been developed. One of the most dominant models is Doxeys Irridex model (1975) which suggests that residents attitudes toward tourism may pass through a series of stages from euphoria, through apathy and irritation. to antagonism, as perceived costs exceed the expected benefits. This model was supported by Long et al.s (1990) research results, which indicated that residents attitudes are initially favorable but become negative after reaching a threshold. The Irridex model indicates that residents attitudes toward tourism will change overtime. It suggests that residents attitudes and reactions toward tourism contain a sense of homogeneity (Mason et al. 2000). Conversely, this concept was challenged by some research findings that reported heterogeneous community responses and diverse residents attitudes simultaneously existing in a community ( Brougham et al. 1981,Rothman 1978). Critics about Doxey Irridex Model and Butler Tourism Area Life cycle According to Butler (1975) when he has developed a more complex model, he suggested that both positive and negative attitudes could be held by residents in a community simultaneously and be expressed via active and passive support or opposition. Furthermore this model is supported by Murphys (1983) research results, which reveal the distinct attitude differences among residents, public officials, and business owners in three English tourist centers. Despite that the model addresses the difficulty of residents attitudes toward tourism, researchers still lacked theories explaining relationships between residents attitudes and tourism impacts until Ap (1992) applied social exchange theory to tourism. According to the theory, exchange will start, only when there are irregular inaction forms. Ap (1992) suggests that residents evaluate tourism in terms of social exchange, that is, evaluate it in terms of expected benefits or costs obtained in return for the services they supply He also argued that when exchange of resources is high for the host actor in either the balanced or unbalanced exchange relation, tourism impacts are viewed positively, while tourism impacts are viewed negatively if exchange of resources is low. Social exchange theory has been examined as a theoretical framework by researchers to describe residents attitudes toward tourism impacts (Perdue et al. 1990, McGehee Andereck 2004). The Doxey irridex model gives a clear view of how host community attitude changes over a period of time. It mentions host community perceptions, reactions and attitudes in the direction of tourism (Manson et al.2000). This can be a conflicting principle because some research came to a conclusion that various host community attitudes and perceptions may exist in the community, (Brougham et al.1981, Rothman 1978). Akis, Peristanis Warner (1996) disapprove the Irridex Model and The Tourism Life Cycle and view it as too simple, because both models give a few hint of changing host community perceptions and attitudes over time. Other researchers like Lankford and Howard (1994, P.135) opposed against the model of Doxey(1975) because positive and negative factors that affect the perceptions and attitudes of host community are not given much consideration. As the tourism industry keeps on changing, this may be a reason why we must give this industry continuous support for its related development. Andereck vogt( 2000) stated that it is considered that optimistic attitudes towards tourism may entail the encouragement for further tourism development. If there is any delay in tourism project development can be due to frustration towards tourists. Mill and Morisson (1984) even mention that, an acceptance of tourism cannot be built unless the benefits of tourism are made relevant to the community. Attitudes and perceptions of host community at a destination is of utmost importance in the accomplishment of tourism development alongside the development of the industry at large also, (Hayword,1975), (Heenan, 1978), and Hiller (1976). There is a broad belief perception and attitudes of host community in the direction of tourism outcomes are apt to become essential planning and policy concern for flourishing development and expansion of existing and potential tourism programs, (Ap,1992). Host community attitudes and perception is very important as it will influence their behavior towards tourism, (Andriotis and Vaughan, 2003). Host community involvement and participation Community participation has become a common element in many development initiatives, such as community-based programmes, which assume participatory methods and has been promoted by development organizations, notably the World Bank, to address the inefficiency of highly centralized development approaches particularly in the developing world (Baral and Heinen, 2007). Today, many development initiatives solicit the participation of all concerned stakeholders, at the relevant level, not only for the sake of efficiency and equity of the programmes, leverage of donors and demands of local communities, but also for o for sustainability of these initiatives (Ribot, 2004). . Consequently, the real outcome for soliciting such community participation is to create and produce an enabling environment needed by these stakeholders, especially local communities who have been vulnerable to negative impacts of tourism attributed partly to the fact that many tourism resources occur in their areas, to have a real stake in development activities (Havel, 1996; Songorwa, 1999). This requires involving local communities in decision-making and strengthening their ability to act for themselves. One approach to achieve this is through investments in human capital, such as education and health, investments in social capital such as local-level institutions and participato ry processes, and support for community based development efforts planned and implemented from bottom up (Havel, 1996, p.145). However, given the fact that the central point underlying peoples participation may be the degree of power distribution, these efforts are less likely to succeed unless responsive institutions and the legal and policy framework that facilitate and support local participation are in place (Havel, 1996; Tosun, 2004; Wang and Wall, 2005).