EU law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

EU law - Essay Example All of these rights were previously established in the EC Treaty. Also relevant in relation to citizens’ rights is article of the European Charter of Fundamental Rights, which binds the institutions, bodies and the Member States when they implement EU law. This paper examines the effects of Lisbon treaty. An overview of other treaties Before the signing the Lisbon treaty, the European Union entered into different treaties that lead to the Lisbon one. This section outlines these treaties. The European Coal and Steel Community treaty (ECSC) (Treaty of Paris): this treaty was signed in 1951 in Paris creating regional institutions meant to manage trade of coal and steel. Members who signed this treat included France, Italy, West Germany, Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg (Chalmers, 2006). European Economic Community (EEC) Treaty (treaty of Rome): This was signed in 1957 by the same countries that formed treaty of Paris. On the same day, another treaty European Atomic Energy Comm unity (the EURATOM Treaty), was signed by the six countries. Other important treaties that followed included. European Communities (the Merger Treaty of 1965): This treaty merged the three previous treaties (ECSC, EURATOM and EEC) to create the European Communities, as known as the community Market, which was signed in 1967 (Chalmers, 2006). Upon the signing of this treaty, key institutions of the European Union were formed; this included the European Commission, the European Parliament, the Council of Ministers and the European Court of Justice. Single European Act: this important treaty was reached in 1987, which amended the previous three founding treaties, thus creating an â€Å"internal market† for member states; the market was implemented in 1992. The goals of this treaty included forming a single currency and creating a free market. The Treaty on European Union (the Maastricht Treaty): this was reached in 1992 but was enforced in 1993, creating the European Union, whic h was based on the European Communities. This particularly treat founded a â€Å"three pillar† system. The last treaty signed before the Lisbon treaty was the Treaty of Amsterdam, signed in 1997 that was enforced in 1999.this treaty amended and also renumbered the European Union and the European Community (Chalmers, 2006). Lisbon Treaty: provisions on Democratic Principles Democratic principles provided in the Lisbon Treaty fundamentally purposed to enhance the democratic authority of the Union in the Preamble. These new reforms mainly strengthened the role of the European Parliament, country parliaments, as well as providing for citizen’s initiatives, with an aim of increasing democratic legitimacy of the European Union. The Treaties contained provisions focused at cementing democracy in its representatives as well as their participatory dimensions by founding new participatory mechanisms, like the European citizens’ initiative, and new guides of communication and information with the European civil society. The European Parliament (EP): The Lisbon Treaty moved one step ahead in regard to the idea of representation by establishing that the European Parliament should be composed of representatives of the Union’s citizens, appointed for five years through direct universal suffrage in a free and fair secret election. According to these regulations, the European Council had to determine through accord, on the initiative of its Parliament, future composition of the latter

Feeling after concert Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Feeling after concert - Essay Example The cast of the Legions of Black Collegians despite coming from from various groups, nationalities, and backgrounds sung a unified and inspirational music for the audience. They have given each of the audience the hope and unity with their songs. The performances of the students of MU School of Music, Department of Arts and Department of Theatre have once again proven the high-quality education that they received from the university. They have given another concert that touched that lives of the audience. Presenting Thomas Jefferson’s life this year has given each audience the knowledge about the 3rd President’s significant contribution to the country. Aside from the lessons we learned in school, the concert have shown us how President Jefferson helped the United States of America became independent. As we know, President Thomas Jefferson was the Founding Father and principal author of the Declaration of Independence. However, some of us are not aware of this. A lot of us were also not aware of his contribution and efforts for the United States of America. Therefore, this concert has not only given an exceptional performance but also left awareness and memorable information for the audience to ponder. The Corps of Discovery Opera as well as Trey Makler contributed their superb performances for the audience. Makler’s music was very unique. He really stood out and made each one alive with his extraordinary performance. He has proven that he was worthy of the recognition for Sinquefeld Prize. The Corps of Discovery Opera also delivered a brilliant performance. The audience was in admiration as expected. The stage presence of the cast of the concert is very remarkable. They have portrayed composure and mastery of their crafts. The stage is simple and the lighting is visually acceptable. The performance area had the right decorations. The crowd focused on the casts on stage and their exemplary performance. The concert is definitely

Genre and The Yellow Wallpaper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Genre and The Yellow Wallpaper - Essay Example But I am sure that everything comes to be even much more simpler than it seems to be and that there are less hidden senses in this story than it is considered to be. At first glance the story described in the "Yellow Wallpaper" is quite typical for the 19th century. As a basis it describes "female hysteria" treating practice – the method invented by Dr. Mitchell, who believed that depression was brought on by too much mental activity (Dock, 61). It seems that from his point of view women were considered to be helpless creatures with delicate health, unable to make critical evaluation of reality. So, following the recommendations of Dr. Mitchell, heroine`s husband makes her to practice  «rest cure » (treatment by rest). After each meal he makes her to have a rest lying down for an hour. He forbids his wife to practice any intellectual work more than two hours a day. For the heroine of the story this course of treatment became to be a disaster. Soon she got a nervous breakdown, having no opportunity to work both physically and mentally. In such circumstances, unfortunate heroine of the story being locked in a room with yellow wallpaper and bolted-down bed unbearable went mad. She became lost in delusions with no sense of reality, dreaming that it was she that trapped woman in the wallpaper. Investigators consider, that from the Gilman`s point of view â€Å"rest cure† method focuses on attempt to destroy woman’s creativity: by forcing the narrator to give up her writing, her husband hopes to calm down her anxious nature making her to act according to her ideal wife and mother position. It comes that society doesn`t ready to accept woman’s desire to have more in her life than her husband and child. The desire to stay creative and socially active is the point which distinguished woman from the idealized standard. Thus, Gilman criticized not just the dependent position of women in society, but also the method of the

International Relations and Postmodernism Essay

International Relations and Postmodernism - Essay Example The essay "Postmodernism and Poststructuralist" discusses international relations and postmodernism. Post modernists believe that the previous theorists in this field are traditional and that a new conception of ideas in the field has to be embraced, if the theme has to achieve a form of reality. In the research conducted by Edkins, he indicates that the field cannot be based on theoretical factors that do not have tangible evidence and explanations of aspects that lead to making mere assumptions. In practical view points, assumptions must be intertwined by evidence, a vital aspect by of post modernists. It is vindicated to argue that, post modernists endeavour to merge the ideas of the previous liberalists and realists and come up with a workable solution on the basics of International Relations. This essay shall aim at highlighting the opinions and suggestions of the post modernists and the aspects that have created a lot of antagonism between them and the conventional theorists wh o have dominated the IR field for decades. In the research conducted by Jarvis, the concept of postmodernism in the field of International Relations will indeed cause a lot of hostility from the fact that this era of analysts and researchers are not bound by the theories, but will be quick to critique all forms of concepts and assumptions that have been previously made by theorists. Jones indicates that, in the quest to bring out their view points, the postmodernists have constantly evaded the aspects of realism.

Reflections and Reminiscences of an Early Years Educator Essay

Reflections and Reminiscences of an Early Years Educator - Essay Example ucation research paradigm challenged and supported me to investigate knowledge and realities about early years’ teaching in the UK in interviewing a retired teacher. Inevitably, this kind of research is iterative in nature with inextricable linkage between practice and research and evolving continuously. Therefore, through an exploration of the retired early years’ teacher practice, her social locations, subject positions, personal experiences, and interpretations will be examined via her voice (Cahnmann-Taylor & Siegesmund, 2013: p29). Using a range of appropriate literature, I will justify the need for a personal reflective narrative inquiry of a former teacher in the UK Pre-school education sector, which should elicit information about how she reminisces on her work as an early years’ teacher. It is expected that I will elicit information on the interactions that she had with pre-school children aged between three and four years as she nurtured and cared for them prior to retiring from her position some time back. I will specifically identify how I engaged in the narrative inquiry, identifying details on the participants, ethical considerations encountered during the study, my reflexivity process, the data collection process, and its analysis. Moreover, I will also present a discussion of the findings. Arts based education research is a method of research that aims to use arts-based concepts, practice, and techniques in understanding education. Normally, practitioners utilize various arts-based methodologies in conducting their research, as well as communicating their findings, through genres as diverse as visual arts, poetry, performance, music, dance, and narrative (Loh, 2013: p8). I used the latter genre in conducting my arts-based education research. Narrative arts-based education research, which I will refer to as NABER from this point, is based firmly on the premise that we understand and attach meaning to our experiences through stories. As a type

Student Accounting Essay Example for Free

Student Accounting Essay This paper addresses the way state funds are distributed to schools using ADA or ADM. It also addresses the advantage of using either one of these and equalizing the funds to maximize cost-quality relationships. It also focuses on preparing for changes in local area revenue and expenditures of a school district based on demographic and economic factors. Distributing state dollars to all the schools in the state is one of the most important jobs of the state department of education. There are several different ways in which the state department of education collects data to use in deciding how to allocate state dollars to public schools. The two most common methods that are used are ADA (average daily attendance) and ADM (average daily membership). These methods are sometimes refered to as pupil counting. ADA is the average total of students that are present during a certain time period. ADM is the average total of students that are on a class roll during a certain time period whether present or not. As the person in charge of distributing state dollars to all public schools, I can see how it would be easy to prefer the ADA method. The reason is simple. I would want the money going to the schools that actually have students that are present so the money would not be wasted. This would create a difference of opinion between state officials and school officials because, as an administrator of a school, I would prefer the ADM method. But, we are talking about public schools where every child is entitled to the same education. We cannot assume that a certain number of children will be absent from school a certain time period, therefore, not allocate money for them. This would be highly unfair, not only to these students , but to the schools who are have to educate children under funded. This happens enough as it is without state officials withholding state monies from certain schools. The advantage of using the ADA over the ADM is that you would get a more accurate number of students that are actually at school most of the time during the school year. Teachers would prefer the ADM method because they want the most money possible for their students. The problem with ADA is that the numbers don’t always paint a clear picture. In 1989 at a school in Alabama, a meningitis epidemic broke out. The CDC were called in and numerous students were in the hospital for over two weeks and from school up to a month. If the state was using the ADA method during this time period of the year, this particular school would not have anywhere close to accurate numbers. Whereas if the state was using the ADM method, the circumstances that caused the absences would not matter because these students were on the role of their teachers classes. The cost-equality debate goes back to the Coleman Report on Equality of Education Opportunity in 1966. Over the years opinions on the issue of how money allocated to schools affected student achievement has gone back and forth. Social scientist of national reputation have analyzed statistical findings on this issue and determined that money allocated to schools per student do not effect student performance on standardized test. Other issues such as home background account for the differences in student achievement. But, even with this information, public school children must receive the same monies per child to give them a chance to achieve and the teachers a chance to teach. I would give school systems in lower socioeconomic areas more money per child to even out the levels that some systems are able to provide extra. In preparing for changes in local areas, I would conduct studies on how past economic factors have changed the revenue and expenditures of a given school. In 2004, Alabama was in proration. There is a chance Alabama will be in proration again during the 2008-2009 year. Files that show how each school district were effected in 2004 should be studied to get an idea of what might happen again. Local economic factors also have to be taken into consideration. Industries open and close and this effects the schools and how much tax money they receive. Proration often leads to school closings and loss of teacher units and jobs. City systems , which receive lots more tax money are usually in a lot better shape than county schools who receive less. Our students in public education and what is best for them is what must be considered in all situations, good or bad. Appropriate accommodations must be made to insure that all students receive an opportunity for an equal education . References Hall, J(2003). ADA vs. ADM: More information is needed. Retrieved from http://www. buckeyeinstitute. org/article/344 McDermott, John E. (1974). The cost equality debate in school finance litigation. Retrieved from http://www. jstor. org/pss/1191046 North Carolina Public Schools. (no date given). Data Reports- Student Accounting. Retrieved from http://www. ncpublicschools. org/fbs/accounting/data

Health Safety And The Environment Engineering Essay

Health Safety And The Environment Engineering Essay Health, Safety and Environment is considered as the top priority among the activities carried out in an oil gas industry. The oil industry has commitments to develop and maintain the technologies, standards, best practices and programs which are essential to enhance the workplace safety. The ultimate goal of the HSE is to increase safety by preventing accidents and injuries. Also, a good HSE system in an oil industry leads to reduced material losses, direct and indirect costs for accidents and improves productivity . Especially for a small to medium size oil company, the record of consistency in safe operations can be used to attract new business and investment. This makes the case that safety is good for business. Therefore, Economy of the oil industry largely depends upon HSE. The management and rest of organization in an oil and gas company have more responsibilities in doing the operations in safe way. The improvements in an oil business could be achieved by reviewing the rules, policies and procedures of HSE. The emphasis should be followed by both peers and management that violations of HSE rules will not be tolerated. This report deals with the necessity of HSE for a small to medium size oil company to achieve safe and profitable business. [Shigeo 2012] 2) INTRODUCTION: HSE plays a vital role in an oil companys development. HSE plans, policies, strategies, objectives, procedure, safety management system, Implementation and monitoring, Audit and management reviews and benefits of effective HSE system for a small to medium size oil company are discussed in this report. Policy and Strategic Objectives Organisation, Resources and Documentation Reviews Leadership and Commitment Leadership and commitment Implementation and Monitoring Risk Evaluation and management Planning AUDIT Fig:1 shows the process involved in a typical HSE system. [SAFETY HEALTH AND PERSONNEL COMPETENCE and ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY COMMITTEES 1994.] 3) DISCUSSION: The duties, responsibilities and process carried out in an small to medium size oil company to make development in all levels of HSE are discussed here. 3.1) LEADERSHIP AND COMMITMENT: The senior leaders of the company should involve and observe the activities carried out in the industry and should make changes if needed. Some of the roles of leaders to maintain a good HSE system are listed below, 1) Top to bottom level commitment in all aspects of operations carried out in an oil industry. 2) They are responsible to improve their companys HSE performance. 3) Keen observation of critical operations and maintaining perfect records for analysing and improving HSE performance. 4) They should ensure the workplace safety and profitability of the company. 5) Participation in every level of HSE development. 6) Making Cost-Benefit analysis of HSE. 7) Continuous studying and learning from accidents happened to other oil industries and implementing good methods to prevent such accidents in their company. The expected achievement from a leader in HSE is GOAL ZERO No harm to people and the environment. [ Petroleum Development Oman 2011 p.2 ] 3.1) HSE POLICIES AND STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES: The HSE policy and strategy of an oil company should be framed to avoid injuries and ill-health of employees, contractors, neighbours and public at all times and to minimise the adverse effect of operations on environment. Some of the HSE policies of an oil company are stated below, 1) Ensuring HSE considerations are given primary preference than the other business considerations. 2) Maintaining a systematic approach to HSE Management to achieve consistency in HSE improvement. 3) Performing regular audits and reviews. 4) Ensuring compliance with international standards, relevant legislations and client requirements. 5) Making availability of Health, Safety manuals and safe working procedures to all employees. 6) Designing the workplace and developing the work practices to reduce risks to the personnel as low as reasonably practicable. 7) Implementing the use of best technologies to reduce the impact of our operations to the environment. 8) Ensuring ability of our employees to compete their task and providing regular training and awareness program to manage the HSE risks. 9) Developing communication channel to ensure the HSE policies and procedures are understood by all our personnel. 10) Making repeated record of inputs, feedback and requirements of employees in all sections of operation. 11) Plan for react to and recover from the emergency situations. 12) Reporting accidents, near misses and investigating in the way to prevent similar incidents in future. 13) Ensuring legal Airport certification. [Shigeo 2012] 3.2) ORGANIZATION, RESOURCES AND DOCUMENTATION: The oil industry should make sure the workforce required to do HSE policies and procedures. Tasks of each and every employee are documented and accurately maintained. The daily work of employees are recorded and strictly supervised to prevent the violations of rules and regulations. Senior supervisors should undertake responsibility of maintaining safe working conditions. Some of the organisational resource issues related to HSE are as follows, 1) Regular worksite inspection by senior managers, 2) Daily workplace inspection by safety engineers, 3) Making availability of well trained supervisors and safety engineers for an emergency situation and for control room operations. 4) Providing guideline, HSE policies and procedures in understandable way to every worker. 5) Make sure that all employees are adults and they are physically and mentally fit for their respective operations. 6) Providing regular HSE awareness training to all employees of all disciplines to make them familiar to handle the risk situations and to prevent the similar faults. The small and medium size oil industry should maintain the contract details with the large size oil industry by proper documentation. They should compare their level and standard of HSE practices with the activities carried out in a large size oil company through benchmarking. The supervisors and managers should adopt continuous learning to enhance the quality and performance of HSE. Employees should be provided with safety and protection equipments like heavy impact safety helmets, safety eye goggles, boots, gloves, coveralls and other safety tools to minimise injuries. Safety boards, signals, alarms, traffic and pedestrian signs should be installed in the workplace. These instruments are inspected frequently and documented to enhance the safe working environment. 3.3) RISK EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT: It is impossible to completely eliminate all the risk in an oil industry. But, it could be reduced or prevented before occurring through an effective safety risk management system. Safety management system (SMS) is the crucial part in an oil and gas industry. Safety risk management techniques consists of Hazard identification, Risk assessment, Risk mitigation and tracking. i) HAZARD IDENTIFICATION: Hazard Identification is the initial step carried out in Safety Management System (SMS). This method is used to identify the hazards that the organization faces in its working environment. Hazard could be a fire explosion, blow out, chemical hazard, ill-health, transportation, environmental hazard, etc. The safety management system should undergo a detailed analysis of all operations. Then documents should be prepared based on what could go wrong in an operation. The hazard is a potential or existing dangerous condition that could result in an accident or incident. In a safety management system, all hazards in operations are identified and documented to analyse and implement the necessary techniques required to eliminate or reduce the risk associated with the hazard. ii) RISK ASSESSMENT: Risk assessment is the technique of analysing the identified hazards to know the consequence of each hazard. The risk assessment considers both the severity of each hazards and the probability of its occurrence. The risk assessment may show that certain hazards have acceptable level of consequence, while other risks need definite mitigation. Proper risk assessment in an oil industry can reduce the number of accidents and can almost prevent them before occurrence. iii) RISK MITIGATION AND TRACKING : If the root cause of hazard is identified, then the proper mitigation process can be made. The risk mitigation can reduce or eliminate the hazards likelihood of occurrence or it can manage the risk by reducing the severity of its effects. The systematic and logical approach should be in place to counteract any risk for maintaining safe operation. The whole mitigation process should be monitored and tracked to conform that all control objectives are working properly. [ Bayuk ] Cause Consequence shallow gas well kick Loss Circulation Gas cut mud Influx of Hydro- carbon Blow out Injury to personnel Damage to safety critical system Environmental damage H2S release Hydrocarbon flow from pressurised formation Prevention/ Control Barriers Mitigation Barriers Event / Hazard Fig:2 Risk diagram shows the causes and consequences of influx of hydrocarbon during drilling. [ Brian 2012 ] To mitigate the hazards during drilling and to control the well, the operator should identify the exact causes and should respond appropriately if influx occurs. 3.4) PLANNING: HSE plans of a small to medium size oil company are prepared in the way to enhance and guarantee the safe working conditions and healthy working environment. Some effective HSE plans includes, 1) HSE policies, procedures, strategies and objectives, target and responsibilities. 2) Cost Estimation for implementing HSE practices. 3) Leadership and commitment, regular inspection, supervision and risk management. 4) Hazard identification, risk assessment, risk mitigation and tracking. 5) HSE policies, plans implementation, monitoring and documentation. 6) Reporting and recording accidents and near misses. 7) Availability of safety equipments like Fire prevention and fighting devices, first aid medical facilities. 8) Environment pollution control, sanitation, waste management and reducing the usage of natural resources. 9) Employees selection, proper communication and training, work inspection, monitoring. 10) special training for emergency response for both employees and control room operators. 11) Identifying employees fitness both physically and mentally for their tasks and making regular health check up and collecting feedback. Priority in HSE Practices: Most Effective ELIMINATE Eliminate the hazard Use process or method with low risk impact SUBSTITUTE Segregate the hazardous products ISOLATE / SEPARATE Engineered Safeguards: Prevention: Design to prevent an unwanted event Recovery: Design to mitigate harmful consequences ENGINEER ORGANISATION PROCEDURE Operating Procedures, Work instruction, Permits, Maintenance, Emergency Response Training, competency, communication PPE Personal Productive Equipment to wear in working environment. Least Effective Fig:3 shows the priority in HSE operations which are carried out in oil industry. [ Petroleum Development Oman 2011 ] 3.5) IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING: Effective implementation of HSE plans will lead to the safe and successful business and give high secure conditions to the employees. The effective and dedicated team of supervisors, safety manager should be active every time to ensure that all HSE policies are followed without violations. The PDSA, PDCA cycle and gap analysis are necessary to compare the existing HSE standards with the large scale oil industrys standards. This will achieve quality in HSE performance (QHSE). Proper monitoring should be carried out to avoid the ignorance and violations of the HSE rules to made the job done. PDSA cycle: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Img/209291/0061564.gif Fig:4 Shows the PDSA cycle. [THE SCOTTISH GOVERNMENT HEALTH DELIVERY DIRECTORATE 2008] PDCA cycle: ISO PDCA Cycle Fig:5 Shows the PDCA cycle. [OSAKA CITY WATERWORKS BUREAU] The workers should give correct statement about the accidents and near-misses to implement necessary practices to prevent such incidents in future. Implementation of regular survey of the following aspects are very necessary, 1) Health and Safety Protection equipments, Shift phase, to workers Physical and Mental health, work hours and Sleep patterns, Alertness, Emergency response, work adaptation and satisfaction. 2) Safety in Operations Drilling, Well completion, Installation, Production, Processing, Aircraft operation and control, Transportation. 3) Environmental Hygiene Pollution due to accidents, Oil spill, Corrosion in pipelines, Offshore marine health issues, reduced natural resource usage, waste management, sanitation, Promotion of renewable energy, hazardous product management, reduction of toxic gas emission. [Mearns et al. 1997] 3.6) AUDIT AND MANAGEMENT REVIEW: i) Auditing is the major process carried out in the business to determine whether or not the HSE management processes are implemented and functioning effectively. ii) Auditing determines the compliance of companys HSE policies with relevant legislative requirements iii) It identifies the areas which need improvements to develop a powerful HSE management. iv) The specific areas that should be audited regularly are, a) Organisation, resources and documentation, b) Safety management system, c) Plans, policies and procedures, d) Implementation and monitoring. v) Audits may involve following methods, a) use of questionnaires, b) direct measurement and observations, c) Interviews and d) checklists. vi) Auditing process should compare the results of previous audits and are recorded properly. vii) The senior level management should review their HSE policies and management approach to maintain the continuity of suitability and effectiveness of the safety management system. [SAFETY HEALTH AND PERSONNEL COMPETENCE and ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY COMMITTEES 1994.] 4) BENEFITS OF HSE: Undoubtedly, HSE is the primary goal of an oil company. Some of the benefits of HSE in a small to medium size oil company are stated below, 1) It will develop the business by new business tie-ups and new investments. 2) Logical priority to safety lead to the mitigation and prevention of risks before it occurs. 3) Hazard reporting ensures the effective scheduling and maintenance of the resources for the safety actions. 4) Effective safety management system avoids the cost for accident investigation and it leads to an uninterrupted operation. 5) It enhances the productivity through continuous operation. 6) Effective HSE management system and proper communication between management and rest of the organisation will lead to the prevention of accident from ever occurring. 7) In terms of cost: Effective HSE practices will reduce the cost of accidents like repair costs, fines, damage claims, insurance claims by injured workers, Potential economic effects due to aviation mishap. This will lead to the business enlargement and enhances productivity and turn over. Therefore, the ultimate aim of a business is to achieve targeted profit. In oil business, the profit can be achieved only due to an efficient HSE system. [Bayuk] 5) ILLUSTRATION: The piper alpha accident in 1988 and Texas city refinery accident in 2005 are the catastrophic accidents which ruined many lives and polluted the environment. These accidents caused the loss of oil production and insurance payout and fine of several billions of USD. The small to medium sized oil companies should study these types of accidents and remedial actions. The large sized could survive the severe loss of money due to accident. But, the small to medium sized oil company couldnt overcome such losses due to catastrophe. 6) CONCLUSION: A small to medium size oil industry has key business plans towards the future. Their aim is to give the best safe performance in every department like drilling, completion, production, refining, transportation. Every small or medium size oil company is very enthusiastic and eager to become as a large scale oil industry by enlarging their business. They want to participate in national and international business by increasing their annual productivity and turn over. In order to achieve these, their HSE practices should be in high standard. Because, a single catastrophic accident may reduce credibility of the company and it will reflect as a severe loss in business. So, in a medium or small sized oil company, workplace safety should be at the forefront of its activities. 7) REFERENCE: 1) KATHARINE, R.P., 1993. Human Factors, Shift Work, And Alertness In The Offshore Oil Industry. Oxford, OX: Health and Safety Executive. 2) MEARNS, K. et al., 1997. Human And Organisational Factors In Offshore Safety. Norwich, NR: Health and Safety Executive. 3) SAFETY HEALTH AND PERSONNEL COMPETENCE. and ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY COMMITTEES., 1994. Guidelines For The Development And Application Of Health, Safety And Environmental Management Systems. Oxford. [online]. Report No. 6.36/210, pp 2-26. Available from: http://www.ogp.org.uk/pubs/210.pdf [ Accessed 31 October 2012 ]. 4) BAYUK, A.J., System Safety And The Benefits Of Safety Management Systems. Unpublished. [online]. pp 3-6. Available from: http://www.asse.org/education/businessofsafety/docs/AJBayukPaper.pdf [ Accessed 17 November 2012 ]. 5) BRIAN, G., 2012. Closed-loop Circulating System Enhances Well Control. Offshore Magazine, 2012. [online]. Available from: http://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/print/volume-72/issue-4/drilling-and-completion/closed-loop-circulating-system-enhances-well-control.html [ Accessed 8 November 2012 ]. 6) PAAL, K., 2011. Schlumberger HSE Policy Statement. [online]. Schlumberger. Available from: http://www.slb.com/hse/hse_policy.aspx [ Accessed 8 November 2012 ]. 7) SHIGEO, H., 2012. Health, Safety and Environmental Policy Of JX Nippon Oil Gas Exploration Corporation. JX Nippon Oil Gas Exploration Corporation. [online]. Available from: http://www.nex.jx-group.co.jp/english/environment/hse.html [ Accessed 8 November 2012 ]. 8) PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT OMAN, 2011. HSE Management System- Making Goal Zero Happen. Petroleum Development Oman. [online]. pp 2,13. Available from: http://www.pdo.co.om/hseforcontractors/blocks/documentation/docs/HSE_Management_Pocket%20Book_Final.pdf [ Accessed 22 November 2012 ]. 9) OSAKA CITY WATERWORKS BUREAU, About ISO Management Systems. Osaka City Waterworks Bureau. [online]. Available from: http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/contents/wdu030/english/quality/check/iso2.html [ Accessed 27 November 2012 ] 10) THE SCOTTISH GOVERNMENT HEALTH DELIVERY DIRECTORATE, 2008. The Model For Improvement. The Scottish Government Health Delivery Directorate. [online]. Available from: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2008/01/14161901/3 [ Accessed 27 November 2012 ]. 8) BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1) API, 2011. Environment, Health Safety. American Petroleum Institute. [online]. Available from: http://www.api.org/environment-health-and-safety/health-safety.aspx [ Accessed 8 November 2012 ] 2) HSE, 2012. Current Priorities. Health and Safety Executive. [online]. Available from: http://www.hse.gov.uk/offshore/priorities.htm [ Accessed 28 November 2012 ] 3) PETER, W., ed., 2005. Health and safety: risk management. revised ed. Leicestershire: IOSH.